Kramer and Wheelock state, " Rao developed a method for determining the nozzle contour that would produce the maximum thrust for any given nozzle area ratio and length . . . The optimum turned out to be not only more efficient but also considerably shorter by about 60 % than a 15-degree conical nozzle of the same area . " George P . Sutton, who worked with Rao at Rocketdyne, said that " bell shape or curved exit contour is used almost universally today for nozzles designed since about 1960 for large as well as small thrust chamber nozzles " and for both solid and liquid propellants.
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